Introduction
Spectroscopy, as a discipline that studies the generation of different light waves caused by differences in electron motion within atoms, is crucial to exploring the theoretical and practical significance of the light-emitting and light-absorbing properties of materials. Its core content involves two categories: emission spectrum and absorption spectrum.
The first type, the continuum, is a spectral form that includes the continuous distribution of all colors from red to violet. For example, the light emitted by an electric filament or the light released by hot steel constitutes a continuum. The bright line spectrum is a form that only contains some discontinuous, bright linear spectral lines. These specific spectral lines correspond to different light wavelengths and are common in the radiation of rare gases or metal vapors, so they are also called atomic spectra. The atoms of each element have their own unique bright line spectral characteristics. By identifying these characteristic spectral lines, scientists can not only identify the type of substance, but also study the atomic structure in depth.
The second type of absorption spectrum is the type of spectrum formed when continuous white light covering all wavelengths produced by a high-temperature object passes through a substance, and part of the light of a specific wavelength is absorbed by the substance. For example, in a low-temperature sodium gas environment, after passing white light, two adjacent dark lines will appear on the continuous spectrum background. This is the absorption spectrum of sodium atoms. Interestingly, each dark line in the absorption spectrum corresponds to a bright line in the emission spectrum of the corresponding atom at high temperature, revealing that the light absorbed by the atom at low temperature is exactly the light it emits at high temperature.
Spectral analysis technology makes full use of the uniqueness of atomic characteristic spectral lines and can accurately identify substances and determine their chemical composition based on spectral information. It is widely used in the field of science and technology. For example, it plays a key role in the purity testing of semiconductor materials silicon and germanium; at the same time, in the course of history, spectral analysis methods have also helped mankind discover many unknown new elements, making significant contributions to scientific and technological progress. In the future, with the expanded application of spectroscopic instruments in more important fields related to human life and development, such as biomedicine, environment and ecology, social security, and national defense, the application prospects of spectroscopy will be broader and far-reaching.
A continuous spectrum is a light distribution covering all possible wavelengths. Typically, the light emitted by a red-hot solid forms a continuous spectrum. In modern technology, the electromagnetic radiation produced by synchrotrons can span a wide range of wavelengths, from microwaves to X-rays, and its output is a continuous spectrum; at the same time, the bremsstrahlung part emitted by X-ray tubes also exhibits continuous spectrum characteristics.
Summarize
The application fields of spectroscopic instruments will continue to broaden and deepen their influence. This development trend began at the end of the last century and will continue to evolve. Spectroscopic technology, which originally mainly served the fields of science, chemistry, astronomy, biology and other industrial product quality control, will further penetrate into many directions closely connected with human life, including biomedicine research and development, environmental protection and ecological monitoring, and play an increasingly important role. important role.
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